Skip to content
Home » Free Class Notes for CBSE Board » Class 12 Notes » Class 12 Physics Notes » CBSE Class 12th Physics Notes for Chapter 13 Nuclei

CBSE Class 12th Physics Notes for Chapter 13 Nuclei

CHAPTER 13 NUCLEI

 

  • An atom has a nucleus. The nucleus is positively charged. The radius of the nucleus is smaller than the radius of an atom by a factor of 104. More than 99.9% mass of the atom is concentrated in the nucleus.

 

  • On the atomic scale, mass is measured in atomic mass units (u). by definition, 1 atomic mass unit (1 u) is 1/12th mass of one atom of 12C i.e. 1 u = 1.660563 x 10-27

 

  • A nucleus contains a neutral particle called neutron. Its mass is almost the same as that of a proton.

 

  • The atomic number Z is the number of protons in the atomic nucleus of an element. The mass number A is the total number of protons and neutrons in the atomic nucleus. A=Z+N where N denotes the number of neutrons in the nucleus.

 

  • A nuclear species is also known as nuclide.

 

  • Isotopes: Nuclides with the same atomic number Z but different neutron number N.

 

  • Isotones: Nuclides with the same number of neutrons N.

 

  • Isobars: Nuclides with the same mass number A.

 

  • Neutrons and protons are bound in a nucleus by the short-range strong nuclear force.

 

  • Radioactivity is the phenomenon in which nuclei of a given species transform by giving out α or β or γ
    • α- rays are helium nuclei
    • β- rays are electrons
    • γ- rays are electromagnetic radiation of wavelengths shorter than X-rays.

 

  • Law of radioactive decay: N (t)= N(0) eλt where λ is the decay constant or disintegration constant.

 

  • Nuclear fission occurs when a heavy nucleus breaks into two smaller fragments. Nuclear fusion occurs when lighter nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus.

Leave a Reply

Your email address will not be published. Required fields are marked *