CHAPTER 1 KNOWING OUR NUMBERS
COMPARING NUMBERS
1. In a group of numbers, the one having the maximum number of digits is the greatest.
2. If two numbers have the same number of digits, say 5213 and 6421, we start comparing from thousands place. 6 is greater than 5. Therefore, 6421 is greater than 5213.
ASCENDING ORDER
When numbers are arranged from the smallest to the greatest, they are said to be in ascending order. E.g. 321, 426, 645, 1056
DESCENDING ORDER
When the numbers are arranged from the greatest to the smallest, they are said to be in descending order. E.g. 1056, 645, 426, 321
INTRODUCING 10000
The greatest 4 digit number is 9999. Adding 1 to it, we get 10000, a 5 digit number. We call it ten thousand.
Expansion of 5 digit numbers:
26212- Twenty six thousand two hundred twelve
INTRODUCING 100000
The greatest 5 digit number is 99999. Adding 1 to it, we get 100000, a 6 digit number called 1 lakh.
Expansion of 6 digit numbers:
452152- Four lakh fifty two thousand one hundred fifty two
LARGER NUMBERS
The largest 6 digit number is 999999. Adding 1 to it gives us 1000000 i.e. 10 lakh.
The largest 7 digit number is 9999999. Adding 1 to it gives us 10000000 i.e. 1 crore.
INDIAN SYSTEM OF NUMERATION
We use commas to mark thousands, lakhs and crores. The 1st comma is used to mark thousands and placed after 3 digits from the right. The 2nd comma is used to mark lakh and is placed after 5 digits from the right. The 3rd comma is used to mark crore and is placed after 7 digits from the right. E.g. 5,28,12,345
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NUMERATION
Commas are placed after every 3 digits from the right to mark thousands and millions.
LARGE NUMBERS IN PRACTICE
To measure length/distance, metre is used.
10 millimetres= 1 centimetres
100 centimetres= 1 metre
1 kilometre= 1000 metres
To measure weight, gram is used.
1000 milligram= 1 gram
1000 gram = 1 kilogram
To measure capacity, litre is used.
1000 millilitres= 1 litre
APPROXIMATION
Approximation is done when an accurate number cannot be obtained.
(i) Estimating to the nearest tens
Consider 18. Is it closer to 20 or to 10? 20, right? Therefore, 18 is rounded off to 20.
15, however, is equally close to 10 and 10. It is usually rounded off to 20.
(ii) Estimating to the nearest hundreds
Consider 620. Is it closer to 600 or to 700? It is closer to 600. Therefore, it is rounded off to 600.
(iii) Estimating to the nearest thousands
Consider 7215. It is closer to 7000 and is therefore, is rounded off to 7000.
ROMAN NUMERALS
Some major Roman numerals are:
1- I 100- C
5- V 500- D
10- X 1000- M
50- L
The rules for this system are:
COMPARING NUMBERS
1. In a group of numbers, the one having the maximum number of digits is the greatest.
2. If two numbers have the same number of digits, say 5213 and 6421, we start comparing from thousands place. 6 is greater than 5. Therefore, 6421 is greater than 5213.
ASCENDING ORDER
When numbers are arranged from the smallest to the greatest, they are said to be in ascending order. E.g. 321, 426, 645, 1056
DESCENDING ORDER
When the numbers are arranged from the greatest to the smallest, they are said to be in descending order. E.g. 1056, 645, 426, 321
INTRODUCING 10000
The greatest 4 digit number is 9999. Adding 1 to it, we get 10000, a 5 digit number. We call it ten thousand.
Expansion of 5 digit numbers:
26212- Twenty six thousand two hundred twelve
INTRODUCING 100000
The greatest 5 digit number is 99999. Adding 1 to it, we get 100000, a 6 digit number called 1 lakh.
Expansion of 6 digit numbers:
452152- Four lakh fifty two thousand one hundred fifty two
LARGER NUMBERS
The largest 6 digit number is 999999. Adding 1 to it gives us 1000000 i.e. 10 lakh.
The largest 7 digit number is 9999999. Adding 1 to it gives us 10000000 i.e. 1 crore.
INDIAN SYSTEM OF NUMERATION
We use commas to mark thousands, lakhs and crores. The 1st comma is used to mark thousands and placed after 3 digits from the right. The 2nd comma is used to mark lakh and is placed after 5 digits from the right. The 3rd comma is used to mark crore and is placed after 7 digits from the right. E.g. 5,28,12,345
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF NUMERATION
Commas are placed after every 3 digits from the right to mark thousands and millions.
LARGE NUMBERS IN PRACTICE
To measure length/distance, metre is used.
10 millimetres= 1 centimetres
100 centimetres= 1 metre
1 kilometre= 1000 metres
To measure weight, gram is used.
1000 milligram= 1 gram
1000 gram = 1 kilogram
To measure capacity, litre is used.
1000 millilitres= 1 litre
APPROXIMATION
Approximation is done when an accurate number cannot be obtained.
(i) Estimating to the nearest tens
Consider 18. Is it closer to 20 or to 10? 20, right? Therefore, 18 is rounded off to 20.
15, however, is equally close to 10 and 10. It is usually rounded off to 20.
(ii) Estimating to the nearest hundreds
Consider 620. Is it closer to 600 or to 700? It is closer to 600. Therefore, it is rounded off to 600.
(iii) Estimating to the nearest thousands
Consider 7215. It is closer to 7000 and is therefore, is rounded off to 7000.
ROMAN NUMERALS
Some major Roman numerals are:
1- I 100- C
5- V 500- D
10- X 1000- M
50- L
The rules for this system are:
- If a symbol is repeated, its value is added as many times it is repeated. E.g. III=3, XX=20
- A symbol is not repeated more than 3 times. The symbols V, L and D are, however, never repeated.
- If a symbol of a smaller value is written to the right of a greater value symbol, its value gets added to the greater value symbol. E.g. XIII= 10+3= 13
- If a symbol of smaller value is written to the left of a greater value symbol, its value gets subtracted from the greater value symbol. E.g. IX= 10-1= 9
- The symbols V, L and D are never written to the left of a symbol.
- The symbol I can be subtracted from V and X only.
- The symbol X can be subtracted from L, M and C only.
Following these rules, let us see some basic Roman numerals:
1= I
2= II
3= III
4= IV
5= V
6= VI
7= VII
8= VIII
9= IX
10= X
20= XX
30= XXX
40= XL
50= L
60= LX
70= LXX
80= LXXX
90= XC
100= C
400= CD